Defending Slavery free essay sample

Shielding Slavery The reason for this paper is to talk about the issue of African subjugation in America in the prewar by late eighteenth century and before the prior to the war emergency as examined in Paul Finkelman’s book: Defending Slavery. This paper will sum up the initial segment of book taking as a primary point racial parts of the bondage. After the early on synopsis , this paper will center in two explicit areas found in the second piece of the book: â€Å"Religion and Slavery† and â€Å"Racial Theory and Slavery†.Lastly, this paper will break down these two topics utilized as a defense of African Slavery in early history of America In his book â€Å"Defending Slavery†, Finkelman presents an assortment of authentic archives composed by government officials, legal advisors, ministers and an unknown writer supporting proslavery. In the initial segment of the book, Finkelman, gives a quickly prologue to the contentions supporting star subjection in America during the Antebellum. The considerations safeguarding subjugation share for all intents and purpose that bondage in America was defended dependent on racial aspects.The sociological term â€Å"mudsill theory† was first utilized by James Henry Hammond, a South Carolina Senator. This term was put as a solid racial contention for subjugation. The fundamental reason of this hypothesis was that every single incredible society must have somebody to do the humble work, so as to make a differentiation between social classes. What's more, as indicated by this hypothesis this low class work must be alloted to blacks who were viewed as a substandard race. Under this setting bondage contributed to make an abundant social hole between the â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† races.Religion and Slavery: In this area of the book, Finkelman accumulated four archives composed by three agents of the Baptist and Protestant religion and by an unknown individual and altered by De Bow’s Review, a very much circled magazine in the South piece of America inside nineteenth century. The main record of this area is â€Å"The Duties of Christian Masters† composed by Reverend A. T. Holmes in 1851. This archive won a cost offered by the Alabama Baptist State Coveention for the best essay.Holmes called the slaveowners as â€Å"Christian masters† and affirmed that â€Å"the masters† had the obligation to hold captives of a mediocre race and should direct and secure the workers. What's more, Holmes noticed that white race aces were of â€Å"a prevalent intellect† and that blacks were â€Å"ignorant†. The article â€Å"Slavery and the Bible† composed by a mysterious writer and altered by De Bow’s Review. The creator expresses that the lessons of the Bible are taken as good truth and on the grounds that the Bible portrays obviously the nearness of servitude, in this way it should likewise be viewed as good truth.The report â€Å"Duty of Clergymen in Relation to the Marriage of Slaves† from the Protestant Episcopal Convention of South Caroline declares that slaves could get hitched by the church however on the off chance that the slave proprietor thought about a vital division of the couple, he had the power to isolate them to agree to the â€Å"divine right† from God to ace their slaves’ lives. Thornton Stringfellow composed â€Å"The Bible Argument: Or Slavery in the Light of Divine Revelation†.This report is a summation of the religious contention guarding bondage as expressed in the Old and New Testaments. Religion used to legitimize bondage had as a center help the Bible lessons yet its understanding was absolutely affected however their strong convicti on that God permitted subjection as well as appointed. Since racial protectors of bondage relate strict contentions dependent on Bible references it is important to break down the records gathered in the â€Å"Racial Theory and Slavery† area. Racial Theory and Slavery:The segment entitled â€Å"Racial and Theory and Slavery† in the second piece of the book contains four reports composed by Samuel A Cartwright, a South Caroline doctor; William Grayson, a South Caroline legal counselor and legislator; George Fitzhugh, a self taught legal advisor and humanist; and Josiah C. Nott, another notable doctor from Alabama who supported that blacks and whites originated from various species. These archives were planned to help the hypothesis that dark race was distinctive that white race as well as their sources originated from various roots. Cartwright and Nott had comparable approach.Their clarification from the organic angle was in some point connected to a strict translation of then book of scriptures. Along these lines, Cartwright portrays the inception of the three most prevalent racial gatherings on Earth: Asian, Europeans and Blacks. He refers to the Book of Genesis with the tale of Noah and his three children nd their settlements in three distinctive geological zones: North of Europe, Asia and Africa. As per Cartwright’s scriptural translation, this last mainland was involved by Cannan and his descendents were dark race as well as were assigned by God;s will to be worker. Josiah Nott widely composed papers about race. His contention depended on a hypothesis known as polygenesis. Nott asserted that there had been numerous manifestations creating unrivaled and second rate races and dark race was bound to lasting inadequacy. George Fitzhugh’s sociological sentiment about subjugation were silly; he expressed that subjection was the absolute best organization at any point made In his eyes it is the absolute best foundation at any point made. Southern servitude is great, since like the family hound, slaves are glad to be slothful and minded for.G Although Notts compositions on race were regularly unreasonable in content, outrageous in language, and did not have a logical establishing, they were commonly acknowledged by the greater part of the main racial scholars of the day in the United States and Europe. Basic Analysis In Paul Finkelman’s book, especially the sections committed at the safeguard of servitude dependent on racial and strict def ense express that individuals of color where made by God and put in Africa with the one of a kind reason to be worker of white individuals. This announcement was experimentally disassembled by the Charles Darwin’s Theory of Universal Common Descent distributed in 1889. This hypothesis depends on solid logical perceptions, states that â€Å"all living beings as of now present on Earth share a typical hereditary progenitor with each being the relative from a solitary unique animal groups. † During more than one hundred and fifty years after Darwin introduced this hypothesis, various analysts have demonstrated that Darwin’s declarations were correct.In 1851, Samuel Cartwright, a notable New Orleans doctor for committed his clinical work on rewarding slaves and concentrated on what they called â€Å"negro diseases† composed a report to the Medical Association of Louisiana called: â€Å"The maladies and physical characteristics of Negro race† . Cartwright’s report portrayed about human studies and root of the races giving a scriptural understanding. This paper was unmistakably founded on simple physical perceptions made on his clinical practice as opposed to logical evidence.The data about life structures and physiological responses of individuals of color was one-sided by his proslavery sentiment. These days, the absence of supporting exploration of his â€Å"scientific report† made it feeble to be utilized as a real protection of servitude. Albeit, a portion of the realities introduced in the report were right as far as anatomical and physiological contrasts among high contrast individuals; these realities were stacked of his own convictions genius slavery.Furthermore, these realities were introduced such that a typical lay peruser will consider dark to be white individuals as two unique and individual human species with no hereditary connection and with no likenesses as a person plunging from a similar hereditary tree and basic family line as Darwin’s hypothesis. Another significant angle that negates his guard is the presentation of occasions described in the Bible, explicitly in the Book of Genesis with respect to Noah and his three sons.According to the Genesis, they were settled in three unique mainlands: Europe, Asia and Aftica. Cannan and his relatives in volved the current Ethiopia and under God’ will were doled out to be workers of the other two siblings. In the event that in reality the Cannan and his Ethiopian descendents were dark, how we can clarify that they were particular to the remainder of races when it is notable and demonstrated by long periods of human studies research that the most established human remains were found in Ethiopia. These significant revelations in the investigation of human development incorporate Ardi, a primate who lived 4. 4 million years back in what is presently Ethiopia and â€Å"Lucy† another primate, who is evaluated to have lived 3. 2 million years prior. In view of the investigation of her bone basic remains showed that human progenitors were up and strolling multiple millions years prior. Besides, Charles Darwin’s hypothesis expresses that comparative species, for example, people, chimps, and monkeys presumably developed, over a time of a huge number of years, from a typical, gorilla like ancestor.If both significant people remains were found in Ethiopia and the utilization of normal relative hypothesis, in this way we can infer that we as a whole current people plunge from an African progenitor. This obvious end result makes the racial contention of subjection frail on the grounds that there isn't, for example, second rate or prevalent race since we as a whole people o riginate from a similar progenitor. There are phenotypic qualities that recognized a race or ethnic gathering of another however it doesn’t make them genuinely and mentally predominant. Charles Darwin didn't imagine that people advanced from monkeys.Rather, he accepted, in light of numerous long stretches of exploration in the fields of b

Public Management and Administration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open Management and Administration - Case Study Example Government as a substitute has developed into an increasingly assorted, inescapable, and a comprehensive wonder that is digging in for the long haul. It is basic that open organization researchers and approach creators offer recommendations to lessen or take out the issues made by outsider government and thus improve government execution. Government needs accomplices to carry out its responsibility. These accomplices present themselves as for benefit and non-benefit associations just as state and neighborhood offices. From the contextual investigation ‘should private contractual workers be guarding open buildings?’, it is expressed that the Federal Protective security-FPS utilizes 1225 people who are answerable for 2360 government offices. This shows an unmistakable hole that gets filled by the administration through intermediary. By reaching out to fill the security hole required for open structures, the FPS abandons an immediate specialist co-op to a generator of open worth. It is fundamental that all government building become very much watched to secure national premiums and property which gets supported by taxpayers’ cash. On the off chance that the administration can't utilize and prepare the necessary number of security watches required to man this structures, contracting out appears to be a suitable alternative. Government as a substitute offers development and the capacity of the contracted firms to tailor their administrations to fulfill client needs. Contracted security firms get the chance to prepare their gatekeepers on the prerequisites and difficulties presented by the activity contracted. These private security firms commit their time and capital into offering a definitive help for their client as they are in rivalry with different firms as well. From the given contextual investigation, the creator conditions of a gathering with private security watch who disclosed to him that he was prepared on twenty one unique weapons. This shows the preparation level to which private firms connect with their gatekeepers in setting them up to meet with the rising dangers of weakness

Solid Tips For WordPress Backups [Simple Guide]

Solid Tips For WordPress Backups [Simple Guide] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Solid Tips For WordPress Backups [Simple Guide]Updated On 23/04/2017Author : Suresh PetersTopic : WordPressShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozcCTq CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEvery blogger or webmaster spends more time on making his website and startsblogging, weare very proud to be a blogger.But if the website you are working on is crashed or hacked, then what you will do?? Always keep back up of your blog’s files and database. Many of us forget to take backups, which is equally important to SEO and other stuffs. It is a MUST for every blogger. FTP the blog contents to your system regularly. It doesnt matter whether you are using shared hosting or dedicated hosting, backup is MUST.Even if your database is compromised, you can restore it with the help of backup. WordPress Backups one of the recommended basic security tips.Recently I had faced this problem and learnt s ome backup tips which I gonna share now here. Below I mentioned some simple WordPress Backups tips which will be useful to all the newbies out there.#1 WordPress Database BackupFor new bloggers, they are not aware about WordPress Backups, there is a plugincalled WordPress Database Backup. It is used for WordPress backup.It will help in making the backup for your blog entirely. Periodically sends backups directly to your email inbox.The entire process goes automatic, you have to just install and set things.#2 Images BackupIf your images are saved at your WordPress blogthen please make sure that the images are downloaded at your computer, because the backup file contains only the URL of theimages, they dont have images, soyou have to do it manually.READDon't Get Bogged Down When BloggingTIP : If your images are hosted at image hosting sites like Photobucket, Flickr , etc no need to worry because, you just add the embed code from there. Its a good practise too and saves your bandwidt h and CPU usage problems.#3 Plugins BackupYourWordPress becomes more effective and user friendly mostly because of the plugins, there are lot of plugins available for every problem, so with great effort you search and installed the best plugins for your website, so if your site crashed all your plugins too lost, so smart way to download all the plugin files.#4 Themes BackupYour themes should also be backup and save it in the computer. You can find the themes at wp-content- themes.#5 ScriptsScripts like google verification, Bing, robots.txt and other should also be stored and kept as a backup.6.BackupThe whole backup at your system is lost due to some reason, then again you have to start blogging from starting! So bad!There isa solution for this :1. Create an account in the mediafire.com.2. Upload the backup files over there, so no worries about your websites crashes.

French Impersonal Expressions

Impersonal expressions are those which do not have a specific subject. In grammatical terms, impersonal does not mean cold, but rather invariable by grammatical person. There are a few things you need to know about French impersonal expressions: The French impersonal subject is either il or ce, whereas the English impersonal subject is it.All of the French impersonal expressions can begin with il est or cest with no difference in meaning; however, cest is less formal than il est. Therefore, cest is more common in spoken French, while il est is more common in written French. (Note: this applies to il  est and cest only in impersonal expressions; in other constructions, there is a difference: cest vs il est) There are essentially two different types of constructions with impersonal expressions - either they are followed by que and a subordinate clause, or they are followed by a preposition and infinitive. With Que When using il est or cest adjective followed by que, the verb in the subordinate clause may need to be in the indicative or subjunctive, depending on the meaning of the impersonal expression:Il est probable que David le fait / Cest probable que David le fait.Its probable that David is doing it.Il est possible que David le fasse / Cest possible que David le fasse.Its possible that David is doing it. Without Que In expressions with il est or cest adjective followed by a preposition and infinitive, the choice of preposition depends on the type of subject:a) When the impersonal subject is a dummy subject, you need the preposition de, and there are two possible constructions:impersonal expression de intransitive infinitiveIl est difficile de parler / Cest difficile de parler.Its hard to speak. (Speaking is hard)orimpersonal expression de transitive infinitive direct objectIl est important de dire la và ©rità © / Cest important de dire la và ©rità ©.Its important to tell the truth.b) When the impersonal subject is a real subject and the infinitive is used intransitively as a passive infinitive, you must use the preposition à  :Il est bon à   savoir / Cest bon à   savoir.Thats good to know.Il est difficile à   faire / Cest difficile à   faire.Thats hard to do. Learn the Most Common French Impersonal Expressions Many impersonal expressions require the subjunctive. To find out which ones, check  The Subjunctivator!Il est bizarre / Cest bizarreIts oddIl est  bon  / Cest  bonIts goodIl est certain / Cest certainIts certainIl est clair / Cest clairIts clear/obviousIl est convenable / Cest convenableIts proper/fittingIl est difficile / Cest difficileIts difficultIl est  dommage  / Cest  dommageIts too badIl est douteux / Cest douteuxIts doubtfulIl est essentiel / Cest essentielIts essentialIl est à ©tonnant / Cest à ©tonnantIts amazingIl est à ©trange / Cest à ©trangeIts strangeIl est à ©vident  / Cest à ©videntIts obviousIl est facile / Cest facileIts easyIl est faux / Cest fauxIts falseIl est heureux / Cest heureuxIts fortunateIl est honteux / Cest honteuxIts shamefulIl est important / Cest importantIts importantIl est impossible / Cest impossibleIts impossibleIl est improbable / Cest improbableIts improbableIl est indispensable  / Cest indispensableIts essentialIl est i njuste / Cest injusteIts unfairIl est inutile / Cest inutileIts uselessIl est  juste  / Cest  justeIts right/fairIl est naturel / Cest naturelIts naturalIl est nà ©cessaire / Cest nà ©cessaireIts necessaryIl est normal / Cest normalIts normalIl est obligatoire / Cest obligatoireIts necessaryIl est  peu  probable / Cest  peu  probableIts not likelyIl est possible / Cest possibleIts possibleIl est probable / Cest probableIts probableIl est rare / Cest rareIts rareIl est regrettable / Cest regrettableIts regrettableIl est sà »r / Cest sà »rIts sure/certainIl est surprenant / Cest surprenantIts surprisingIl est temps / Cest tempsIts timeIl est triste / Cest tristeIts sadIl est urgent / Cest urgentIts urgentIl est utile / Cest utileIts usefulIl est  vrai  / Cest  vraiIts true

Eating Disorders The Most Difficult Disorders - 916 Words

Eating disorders is one of the most difficult disorders that I have worked with. When I was in college I worked for Easter Seals as a developmental disability worker. I Served in a direct care role while in college by helping people with disabilities and their families, and assessed client’s unique challenges and provided individual support to enable a fulfilling and productive life. I also developed action plans and documented client progress throughout. I worked with children with downs syndrome and who were completely non-verbal with behavior difficulties. Despite the many challenges I faced while in this position, it was nowhere near as challenging as working with a young adult with an eating disorder. After reading the articles and watching the video, I would consider her anorexic binge/purge type. For a while I thought she was bulimic, however this week’s readings has taught me that she would not have been considered to have bulimia due to her constantly wanting t o work out, lose more weight, purge using laxatives. She was extremely underweight and was not having her period for most of time I was working with her. Treating eating disorders is tricky. According to the articles, bulimia nervosa is more often treated, due to the patients having more motivation to receive treatment, be in the action stage of recovery when entering treatment, and are known to gain more positive results from treatment than patients with anorexia nervosa. The article about anorexia nervosaShow MoreRelatedAbstract. Through Research We Can See The Causes, Misdiagnosis,1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthe causes, misdiagnosis, treatment, types and symptoms of eating disorders. Pressures from society and dislike towards oneself seem to be the largest factor in the development of eating disorders. They can often mask other serious symptoms. Treatment can vary but can interplay with the treatments of mood disorders. The symptoms range between the different types of eating disorders. Diagnosing eating disorders can be difficult because most patients perform tell-tell signs when they are alone. ThereRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesand sometimes life-threatening eating disorders. The vast majorities are adolescents and young adult women. Approximately one percent of adolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. Another two to three percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive overeating followed by vomiting or other quot; purging quot; behaviors to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older womenRead MoreTowards An Understanding Of Self Esteem And Eating Disorders1404 Words   |  6 PagesTowards an Understanding of Self-Esteem and Eating Disorders By Melissa H. Smith, Ph.D. | Submitted On September 24, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Melissa H. Smith, Ph.D. During aRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Behavior And Weight Regulation1034 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders feature serious disturbances in eating behavior and weight regulation. Associated with a wide range of adverse psychological, physical, and social consequences; eating disorders include severe distress or concern about body weight and shape. Eating disorders are more than simply watching your weight or dieting, they include characteristics such as skipping meals, excessive exercise and overeating. Eating disorders are serious emotional and physical issues with life-threateningRead MoreThe Influence Of Eating Disorders1022 Words   |  5 PagesThis is topic that really hits home for myself, since I am sixteen years into my recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN) . As a future counselor, eating disorder treatment is also the field I would like to specialize in, given my experience with anorexic, binge eating, and purging behaviors. Diagnosed in my early twenties with AN, I experienced hospitalizations due to low weight, amenorrhea, laxative abuse, as well as binging and purging. Although my relationship with food continues to be a struggleRead MoreEating Disorder : Not A Problem Of Self Esteem1405 Words   |  6 PagesEATING DISORDER: NOT A PROBLEM OF SELF-ESTEEM â€Å"No one is perfect.†, â€Å"Your body is beautiful as the way it is.†, â€Å"It is the problem of the way you think of yourself†. These are the words that you might associate with eating disorders. Many people come up with an extremely skinny individual seems like under 80lbs when it comes to eating disorder. Today, I would like to inform you of the importance of eating disorder. This is not about simply people with underweight, rather it is about one of theRead MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different types of disorders. One type of disorder that is becoming very common in the everyday high school aged student are eating disorders. Even though some people believe it is normal to have an eating disorder, people should be aware of the different kind of eating disorders because it is easy to develop these kinds of illnesses and too many innocent teenagers are dying from these unhealthy life choices. There are different types of eating disorders but the most common are Anorexia NervosaRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Body Image1613 Words   |  7 Pages Eating disorders and body image Cenia Xu Father Michael Mcgivney Catholic Academy Effects of Eating disorders have on teenagers Every day, teenagers are surrounded by different messages from different sources that impact the way they feel about the way they look. For some, poor body image is a sign of a serious problem: an eating disorder. Eating disorders are not just about food.The eating disorders containRead MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different types of disorders. One type of disorder that is becoming very common in the everyday high school aged student are eating disorders. Even though some people believe it is normal to have an eating disorder, people should be aware of the different kind of eating disorders because it is easy to develop these kinds of illnesses and too many innocent teenagers are dying from these unhealthy life choices. There are different types of eating disorders but the most common are Anorexia Nervosa

Romanticism In Frankenstein Essay - 740 Words

Mariah McCoy Dr.Bardot His-102 16 June 2017 Historical Relevance Within Frankenstein Imagine a world without Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution,and Romanticism. Mary Shelley uses these topics in her novel to expose the effects that each of these had on society. Frankenstein is a novel that was published in the early 1800’s and tells a story about a man by the name of Victor Frankenstein. Technology and critical thinking skills plays a huge role in the novel and real life.By analyzing the importance of the Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, and Romanticism she unfolds both personal and factual views of this novel. Mary Shelley’s novel exposes these historical relevance within the novel Frankenstein. Enlightenment†¦show more content†¦Shelley uses industrialization in the novel to show how it compares to now as well. Industrialization uses technology based objects in today’s society, so many people rely on the thought of technology such as phones, laptops, and the internet. The human labor is being now replaced by machinery and technology.Industrial Revolution is shown in the novel through Victor’s creature and Shelley’s personal interpretations; which exposes the new technology through critical thinking. The Industrial Revolution had both positive and negative effects during the Europe time period. The last important historical relevance that Shelley discovered in her novel Frankenstein was Romanticism. Romanticism is a movement from the 18 century that involves the Enlightenment, and scientific thoughts of nature. It also helps expanding the thought of individualism and emotion through the novel. Frankenstein is considered a romantic novel and it focuses on the individualism in society. An example from the novel is that she uses the creature as a romantic hero. Shelley also uses science, imagination, nature, and other elements in the novel to express her interpretations of romanticism. Shelley says† I feel exquisite pleasure in dwelling on recollections of childhood, before misfortune had tainted my mind . . .†(Shelley 38). This quote illustrates how nature and the romantic time era showsShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Romanticism Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism began to make a great influence on art and literature during the eighteenth to the nineteen th century. Frankenstein was first published in 1818 during that period and the novel is flooded with Mary Shelley’s feelings of extreme good and bad emotions. English literature during the romanticism period is believed to be the most expressive in style, subject, and content. The discrepancy and chaos concerning the essential principles and competing philosophies were believed to be fascinatingRead MoreRomanticism in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagescontinues to draw readers with Frankensteins many meanings and effect on society. Frankenstein has had a major influence across literature and pop culture and was one of the major contributors to a completely new genre of horror. Frankenstein is most famous for being arguably considered the first fully-realized science fiction novel. In Frankenstein, some of the main concepts behind the literary movement of Romanticism can be found. Mary Shelley was a colleague of many Romantic poets such as her husband Read MoreEssay about Romanticism in Frankenstein1010 Words   |  5 Pageswas greatly influenced by the intellectual movement of Romanticism. Since she was closely associated with many of the great minds of the Romantic Movement such as her husband Percy B. Shelley and Lord Byron, it is natural that her works would reflect the Romantic trends. Many label Shelley ¡Ã‚ ¯s most famous novel Frankenstein as the first Science Fiction novel in history because its plot contains the process of a scientist named Victor Frankenstein creating a living human being from dead body parts,Read MoreRomanticism Technology in Frankenstein Essay example1135 Words   |  5 PagesRomanticism as defined in the American Heritage dictionary is a movement characterized by a heightened sense in nature, emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Technology is defined as the practical application of knowledge especial ly in a. Mary Shelley joins these two realms in Frankenstein, to create one of the most memorable characters in literature, Victor Frankenstein. Historically situatedRead More Romanticism and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Romanticism is a philosophy that has played an important role in the development of western culture. This philosophy also had a great effect on Marry Shellys famous novel, Frankenstein. Though it is easy to find its influence in the story, it is unclear whether or not Marry Shelly supported the movement.. Marry Shelly lived through the height of romantic belief. In 1797, when Shelly was born, there had already been several decades for theRead MoreEssay on Frankenstein: Development through Romanticism1614 Words   |  7 Pages Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is a Gothic and Romantic novel written in the early 1800s. The novel opens with Captain Robert Walton as he is sailing on his ship on the search for new and undiscovered territory. During his exploration, Robert’s ship becomes trapped in ice, and he encounters Victor Frankenstein, who looks miserable. When Robert begins to talk to Victor, Victor starts to explain his life story, which ends up being a complete tragedy. Victor tells Robert of his desire to discover theRead MoreAspects of Romanticism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthat we either envy and want or despise and fear, such as witches and vampires, superheroes and magic. Everything we feel as people, as individuals plays into what we want and how we act. All of these things are aspects of Romanticism, which we can see in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Nature has a soothing and healing affect. There is poison ivy which will irritate your skin, but growing near it in the surrounding area, is jewelweed, a natural cure for the itch. There is the desert and there is theRead MoreCritical Analysis of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein974 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay discussed in this document is Said I. Abdelwaheds The Gothic, Frankenstein and the Romanics, which was published in 1997 in An-Najaj N. J. Res. The author is the assistant professor of English literature at Gazas Al-Azhar University. These credentials are fairly impressive considering the international reputation of the university the author was working at during the time of publication. Additionally, the authors status as an assistant professor helps to imbue this work with a degreeRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamenta l Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreWhy Did I Choose A Passage From Frankenstein?1504 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did I choose a passage from Frankenstein? It is a work which portrays a lot of themes, symbols, motifs and it is contextualized in a period with a lot of changes in the society. In this essay I will explore the many aspects of Frankenstein that influence in the society for its later staging of horror films. Mary Shelley was a British novelist and she was best known for her novel Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus; this science-fiction novel was published in 1818 and it was set in 1789 in

Countertransference in Qualitative Research †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Countertransference in Qualitative Research. Answer: Introduction The aim of the assignment is to appraise the quality of the research article to assess the quality of the clinical evidence. For this purpose, a qualitative research study is selected named- Mental health nurses experiences of managing work-related emotions through supervision by MacLaren et al. (2016). The purpose of the critical appraisal is to apply the research findings into practice as a sheer degree of information obtainable in the health care setting. Critical appraisal is the effective method to filter out misleading information by identifying the low quality studies. The critique framework chosen for this assignment is the CASP tool for qualitative studies. The qualitative study must provide a clear statement of the aims of the research. The goal of the research must be presented along with the relevance and its importance (wixstatic.com, 2017). The aim of the article is evident from the title itself, and in the abstract, the aim and objective are clearly elucidated. MacLaren et al. (2016) stated the aim is to explore the nurses experience of managing the work-related emotions through supervision and identify how it functions as an emotionally safe space promoting the critical reflection. The aims and goals are well explained in simple and nontechnical language. The concept that the research is trying to address is well explained through the relevant background. The author explained that the aim of the research is important because the previous studies showed that there is a positive impact of supervision on the nurses emotional well being. The researcher highlighted that there is a literature gap in regards to the process involved in m otivation through supervision and if it all positively influences the emotion management by nurses (MacLaren et al. (2016). Thus, the research is important as it will explain how the styles of emotion interaction are established in supervision. The research aim is concise and comprehensive and is relevant as per the given background, which also indicates that the researcher has thoroughly reviewed the literature. The thorough literature reviews have helped in the construction of the research methods and aims. Research methodology According to the CASP tool, the qualitative methodology must seek to illuminate the subjective experiences of the research participants. The qualitative methodology should be appropriate in addressing research goal (wixstatic.com, 2017). The qualitative method for the exploratory research is appropriate as the researcher aims to illustrate the attitudes, experiences, and responses of the nurses while managing the work-related emotions. These are subjective experiences, thus the qualitative approach is deem, appropriate for the study. According to Bennett et al. (2017), the qualitative research finds the essence of the social event that gives the people to understand the reason underlying the people's action. Thus, the quality paradigm is the right approach for addressing the research goal. According to the CASP tool, the research design should be appropriate to address the aims of the research (wixstatic.com, 2017). MacLaren et al. (2016) had used a narrative approach to understand the experiences of supervision via the semi-structured interview process. The author had justified use of narrative review that it is the conceptualised method of making sense of social phenomenon. It helps to find experiences with socially constructed and institutionalised meanings. It aligns with the views of Buus et al. (2013). Thus, the research design is justified as the author adopted it from previous studies that may have established the validity of the research process. However, it would have been more convenient if the author had explained how it was decided which method to be used. This can be considered the weakness of the study. The CASP tool evaluates the sampling method by identifying the appropriateness of the sampling method. The tools consider if the sampling method is explained and justified the participants recruited for the study. It further scrutinises if the inclusion and the exclusion criteria were mentioned (wixstatic.com, 2017). The author has included only 8 community mental health nurses and is not justified. There was a small number of participants chosen for the study which may limit the themes on experiences analyses. It can be considered the weakness of the study. Out of these nurses, 7 were female, and 1 was male (MacLaren et al., 2016). The study gives no details on the mode of sample selection, which can be considered the major drawback (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). The inclusion criteria were mentioned by the author. In the study, the sample was recruited from a single geographical region of the UK and was working since 10 years. The research excluded the newly qualified nurses. The exclusion criteria were justified as the new nurses cannot give an account of their experiences. There was no justification on the inclusion criteria. There was no discussion on any participants if chose to opt out of the research. However, it can be concluded that the sample selected were appropriate to give access to the type of knowledge sought by the study. Data collection As given in the CASP checklist, the data collected must address the research issue. The qualitative article must justify the setting for the data collection, an instrument used, and explicit details of the instrument given. Further, the qualitative study should give an insight to the readers on any modification of the research design with the justification. Further, there must be clear evidence in the form of data that is being collected, for instance, tape recordings and video materials (wixstatic.com, 2017). MacLaren et al. (2016) had stated that the setting for the data collection that is workplace or the university building. However, the paper had not provided any justification on the rationale for the setting. Moreover, the drawback of the study comes from the precise location of the study being concealed that may hamper the data collection making the results unreliable. The instrument used for data collection is the semi-structured interview of one to one basis. Each interview lasted for 60-90 minute and involved the use of the loosely structured topic guide. It can be interpreted that the data collected will address the research issue, as interviews will produce rich and detailed narratives on the experiences of supervision of the participants (Holmes, 2014). However, the data collection process was not made explicit by the author, which adds to the weakness of the study. MacLaren et al. (2016) gave no insights into the modification of the research process. It appears that there was no modification required. The researchers had not clearly highlighted the type of data collected except it was mentioned that that data was arranged in the prosodic style that gives perspectives of the participants via tone of speech, rate and rhythm of speech. It is still not clear if tape recording or videos were used for data collection. The researcher has not discussed the saturation of data. This may hamper research reliability. Ethical consideration As per the requirements of the CASP tool, there must be sufficient details on the informed consent of the researcher during sample recruitment to know if the ethical standards were maintained. Details of the ethical approval and the ethical issues of confidentiality and privacy must be highlighted by the qualitative article. The researcher should provide details on how the harm caused to the participants were handled (wixstatic.com, 2017). MacLaren et al. (2016) had clearly stated that the ethics approval was obtained from the authorised institutional Research Ethics Committee. It indicates the ethical issues were considered in the research process (Nadelson Nadelson, 2014). There is no explanation given by the researcher on how the participants were informed about the study, which is the drawback of the study. The author has gained written informed consent from all the participants. It is slightly difficult to assess if the ethical standards were maintained. The author had stated that the research considered the voluntary participation of the subjects and maintained confidentiality in the team. The arrangement of private rooms is good to maintain confidentiality, yet it is challenging as due to narrative research, which relies on context-dependent details. The author of the study had provided no details if there was any negative impact on the participants after the study or how this was handled. The data analysis must be rigorous with an in-depth description of the analysis process. There must be details on the themes or thematic analysis. There must be sufficient data to support the findings while explaining the potential bias (wixstatic.com, 2017). The author had explicitly discussed the data analysis process in three stages using thematic analysis. However, thematic analysis was not mentioned anywhere. The first stage deals with the narrative section of discourse and its transcription from the interviews using the method already adopted by another researcher in previous studies. Presenting the further details on the instrument would have been considered the strength of the study as it determines the validity of the data (Andersson et al., 2016). It is the strength of the study to present the data in prosodic style. It closely reflects the speech. It helps draws the readers attention to perspectives of the participants via tone of speech, rate and rhythm of speech (MacLaren et al., 2016). In stage 2, the author elucidated how the topics were interview narratives were compared between the participants. The data interpreted was carried in a nuanced manner by collecting the long, unfragmented data extracts. It will help preserve t he details of context and gives share discourses around supervision to emerge from the data (Barker Linsley, 2016). Thus, the structured interpretations helped in illuminating the feeling rules present in the data. This constitutes the strength of the study. In stage three, the data was analysed by categorising into the type of the feeling rules expressed during the data collection. Though not mentioned triangulation process was used (Barker Linsley, 2016). It is the process of analysing the narrative data from different perspectives. This constitutes the strength of the study as it helped in the identification of discourses scripting these emotional processes. Overall, it helped in obtaining the co-constructed narratives of personal experience. The author had provided sufficient data that supports the findings of the research. There is no hint of considering contradictory data in the paper except that the author except the contrast between feelings rules in supervision and the organizational context. It indicates the need for further study. There is no hint in regards to bias towards gender in the sampling process. However, it is considered appropriate, as it was not possible for the study to analyse the influence of gender (Kallio et al., 2016). MacLaren et al., (2016) did not critically examine the personal role and influence in selection of data for presentation or analysis. It appreciates to find in the "Author's contribution section that the all the authors agreed together on the final version of research design. It was mentioned that the authors ensured meeting one of the criteria from ICMJE. There was the substantial contribution made by all the authors of the qualitative study in designing, data acquisition, and analysis and defining of the article but there is no hint who conducted the interview. The qualitative article must clearly present the findings with the clear statement. For this section, the critique tool considers the explicit nature of the findings and the arguments presented by the author regarding validity and reliability. The qualitative article as per the CASP tool needs to relate the findings with the research question (wixstatic.com, 2017). The abstract of the qualitative article clearly elucidated the research findings with reasoning. MacLaren et al. (2016) presented the clear statement of the findings. The author stated that three feelings rules were identified with which effective supervision was associated. It includes safety and reflexivity; staying professional; managing feelings. The author has made the findings explicit. For this study, the author had used the interpretive validity, and the data was understood from both socio-linguistic and topic-centred perspectives. There is a discussion of the evidence for the researchers arguments. There is no evidence against the researchers arguments that may be a drawback. However, the findings were related to the research aim or question with the flawless discussion. It was clearly stated that through supervision, a positive influence on the management of emotions by nurses is possible. It will help in reducing burnout. According to wixstatic.com, (2017), the qualitative research must identify the new areas o research, which was not given in the paper. There were no highlights on how the results can be transferred to other populations. Conclusion In conclusion, there is a positive implication of findings for nursing practice due to meaningful results. Overall, the research is valuable as it adds more knowledge to the existing literature. With the help of the feeling rules, it is easy to connect individual emotional experiences in the real nursing practice. The study finding supports how supervision helps. Hence, in real practice, the educators can help nurses develop emotion culture of their supervision practice. It will thus promote the well-being of the practitioners. Future studies can replicate by modifying the limitations mentioned by the author. References Andersson, E., Salickiene, Z., Rosengren, K. (2016). To be involvedA qualitative study of nurses' experiences of caring for dying patients.Nurse education today,38, 144-149. Barker, J., Linsley, P. (2016). Critical Appraisal and Qualitative Research.Evidence-based Practice for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals, 110. Bennett, S., Abell, B., Bennett, J., Bogossian, F., Ee, C., Jennings, P., ... Williams, C. (2017). Understanding Evidence from Qualitative Research: Examples of Assessment of Quality (Critical Appraisal) from Different Health Professions. InEvidence-Based Practice Across the Health Professions, 3rd Edition(pp. 248-291). Elsevier Australia. Buus, N., Cassedy, P., Gonge, H. (2013). Developing a manual for strengthening mental health nurses clinical supervision.Issues in mental health nursing,34(5), 344-349. Holmes, J. (2014). Countertransference in qualitative research: a critical appraisal.Qualitative Research,14(2), 166-183. Kallio, H., Pietil, A. M., Johnson, M., Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi?structured interview guide.Journal of advanced nursing,72(12), 2954-2965. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017).Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. MacLaren, J., Stenhouse, R., Ritchie, D. (2016). Mental health nurses' experiences of managing work?related emotions through supervision.Journal of advanced nursing,72(10), 2423-2434. Nadelson, S., Nadelson, L. S. (2014). Evidence?Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(5), 344-346. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013).Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. wixstatic.com. (2017).Critical appraisal skills program (CASP).https://docs.wixstatic.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/dded87_25658615020e427da194a325e7773d42.pdf

How Did You First Become Interested In Reed And Why Do You Think Reed

How did you first become interested in Reed and why do you think Reed might be an appropriate place, both socially and academically, to continue your education? Reed College I could tell you a heartfelt, sentimental, poignant story about first seeing a Reed College refrigerator magnet (my uncle got it at a reunion, I think) and feeling first deep emotions stirring somewhere inside my spleen. Or I could meticulously paraphrase the numerous brochures and articles about Reed that I have perused. Yet another option would be to rent a small airplane and skywrite, "I want to go to Reed," in colorful pollutants. And I probably would resort to one of these strategies, had I not some real incentives to attend Reed College. They are based on what I have learned from The Princeton Review, general knowledge, conversations I have overheard, and other miscellaneous tidbits of information sent to me by friends and relatives. First of all, I must express my admiration to the people who have decided that education is, after all, the purpose and responsibility of a college and established the precedence of academics over sports at Reed college. I'd like to attend a school where I, a debater, will not be viewed as a second-class citizen by football players. Secondly, the notoriety of great educational standards has reached me all the way in Vancouver (OK, so it is only across the river) and enticed, attracted, and urged me to apply to Reed. Rumors of the "side effects" of avalanches of homework and sleepless nights have crept here, too, but I'm up to the challenge. After two years of juggling high school, college, and extracurricular activities, receiving assignments only at one place just might be paradise. Lastly, Reed's geographical location is just like pretty wrapping paper and a big red bow on a present that's already great ( forgive the allusions to the Haagen-Dasz commercials). Living in Portland, I would be simultaneously away from my family in Vancouver--and as close as I might need to be! Not only would I have the opportunity to become better acquainted with Portland, but also to judge at debate tournaments for my old high school! The possibilities are mouthwatering. Jokes aside, I believe that attending Reed will be one of the most sensible things I might do in my whole life. Learning is what I do best, and at Reed I will have the perfect opportunity to excel at it.

Reform after the Revolution essays

Reform after the Revolution essays Although the United States gained independence after the Revolution from Britain, it was not without issues that needed to be addressed in order to promote a better way of life for the people. With the approaching new age came reformers that wanted to ensure that various improvements would occur in their country in order to enhance their lives. To the people, the only way to get the problems recognized on a national level was to organize social movements. Reformers sought answers to the problems within the prison system and also for the insane. Efforts were made to take the punishment out of the prison and use rehabilitation instead. Religious reformers opposed alcohol since they believed alcohol had effects on the work force and the family. Another effort of reform was the Antimasonry movement. Since it excluded women, it was believed by the reformers to be threatening to the family by encouraging men to use alcohol while neglecting their families. Since the Masons were made up of prominent middle and upper class men, it was believed to be a secret fraternity with antirepublican views. This was a very short-lived political movement. Although these issues did not accomplish the goals of the reformers they paved the way for much larger issues such as slavery. In the 1830s, along with a small minority of white reformers, William Lloyd Garrisons morals drove him to demand immediate and complete emancipation (Norton 242) of slavery. Those who advocated immediate emancipation saw slavery as a moral issue, a sin on the American nation. Although not all reformers believed in the immediate discontinuance of slavery, others tended to favor the gradual approach. The American Colonization Society had the idea of gradual abolition along with the resettling of the former slaves in Africa. Garrison, considered an immediatist, had strong opinions about the methods that should be used to ...

Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Journalism - Essay Example Internet has helped develop the speed with which reports get fed in the news channels and newspapers. It has eased up work as well as made the element of giving quick reports possible. The aspect of live reporting has also been made possible with the advent of Internet and more so in the field of journalism alone. It has been proven by recent studies that the masses have stood up and taken due notice of the role of technology within journalism and have generally appreciated the very fact which brings upon a positive influence towards their respective lives (Berger, 1998). This paper specifically discusses the role of Internet and the newer forms of online communication under the domains of journalism and discerns the relation between these newer media and journalism within the broader contexts. The notion of technology working for the benefit of journalism is a very important one in the time of age of today. This is because technology has manifested growth and development for the people who are related with the field of journalism in the last 2 decades or so. The Internet has helped shape up the way the work gets done. The reporting has become much easier. News stories are prepared at the end of the reporters and producers and then transmitted to the channels where these get encrypted and thus read out or printed over the local medium (TV, radio or newspaper). The use of expressive vocabulary has in essence built a much needed bridge between the provider and the receiver of this information, which has actually made the journalistic viewpoint more liable to creating a solid impact on the minds of the viewers, listeners and readers. The audience is thus getting the message fast and they now do not have to rely on the traditional media vehicles for confirming a particular pie ce of news and/or reporting which had been done the earlier day. Things have started to change with the advent of the Internet and one can deduce from this fact that this

Public Law assignment Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public Law assignment - Scholarship Essay Example % PIECE YOU HAVE EVALUATED: Mark TITLE Gordon Brown's Commons statement on reform of the constitution. AUTHOR Gordon Brown REFERENCE (citation) Carroll, a, Constitutional and Administrative Law (4b ed),London Pearson, Longman.2007 APPLICATION OF THE COCOA MODEL Coverage: The speech addresses the issue of the powers exercised by the Prime Minister and the Executive in the name of the monarchy without the people and their elected representatives being consulted. Objectivity: The piece represents one point of view that Prime minister and executive retain more powers and constitutional change is needed. Currency: The speech was made in 2007 after the Prime Minister Gordon Brown took office in 27 June 2007. Organization: The speech took place in the House of Commons. Authorship: The Author is the Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party. POSITION OF THE AUTHOR The position of the Author as a Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party explains why he claims for new British constitutional settlement that entrusts more power to Parliament and the British people. CLAIMS made by the author and EVIDENCE provided (adjust numbering and space for this section as needed according to your chosen piece) Claim 1: The executive retain more power over the parliament Evidence: The government has the power to request the dissolution of Parliament and the power to restrict Parliamentary oversight of the intelligence services Comment: These powers exercised by the executive are great evidence on its over-mighty authority. Gordon Brown proposed that the House of Commons would have to approve a resolution for any dissolution of Parliament requested by the Prime Minister. Claim 2: The executive controls over the judiciary... 2. a brief summary of how the COCOA model works in relation to the piece (COVERAGE, OBJECTIVITY, CURRENCY, ORGANISATION and AUTHORSHIP) - see InfoSkills section 3 for more information on the COCOA model. (15 marks) This task contributes 5 per cent of your overall assessment for Legal Technique and Reasoning and there is therefore no individual pass-mark for this element (the overall passmark for LTR is 40 per cent). Coverage: The speech addresses the issue of the powers exercised by the Prime Minister and the Executive in the name of the monarchy without the people and their elected representatives being consulted. The position of the Author as a Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party explains why he claims for new British constitutional settlement that entrusts more power to Parliament and the British people. These powers exercised by the executive are great evidence on its over-mighty authority. Gordon Brown proposed that the House of Commons would have to approve a resolution for any dissolution of Parliament requested by the Prime Minister. Comment: Regarding this Gordon Brown proposed to start the debate and consult on empowering citizens and communities. Moreover to reinforce the neutrality of the civil service, the core principles governing it should be legislated by Parliament. That's why Brown assures that The Church of England is, and should remain, the established church in England.

Strategic Adaptability Essay Example for Free

Strategic Adaptability Essay Strategic adaptability is the ability of an organization to make changes in the way they conduct business and look at the various situations which arise. It is imperative that companies remain flexible enough to make adjustments that will beneficial to the well being of the company. There are many different aspects of the business world which can be benefited by the company remaining open to new ideas and options thereby being able to adapt their strategic plan to the current situation. In the case of Queen’s Hotel, changes in the hospitality industry create the need to stay current and flexible in order to maintain a competitive edge. By adapting to the changes in the hospitality industry, Queen’s Hotel will be able to attract customers by offering better customer service. SendOutCards is a company which conducts business solely online. With the growing popularity and convenience of the Internet, more and more companies are seeing a dramatic increase in the electronic side of their business. Because of the wider competition base, it is necessary for SendOutCards to find ways to set themselves apart from the other companies out there. By offering additional services, such as gift baskets, gift cards and e-cards, SendOutCards will be able to increase their sales and customer base by offering more options which will appeal to more people. 3M is a company which manufactures a wide variety of products and has a bigger opportunity to find ways to be adaptable. They can use the example of other companies which are in similar circumstances and learn lessons without the need to experience the event. By adapting in this manner, 3M will be proactive in making sure they are current with the trends and forces which may impact them. Odwalla is in the food and beverage industry and must look to the consumer for the trends which will affect their business. By staying on top of what people are looking for in their snack bars and beverages, Odwalla can provide products which will not only be natural and healthy, but they will satisfy the ever changing preferences of the health conscience consumer. The forces and trends which affect each of these businesses are many and constantly changing. We will address a few of these trends and discuss how these companies can adapt and improve their business by making strategic changes which will turn what could be a potentially difficult situation into a chance to grow and improve. Trends in the Hospitality Industry Every industry has trends and they play a big role in our society. The bell-bottom trend in clothing, the DVD player in an SUV in the car industry, the flat screen T. V. in your living room, but the most important trend is in the travel industry. What is a trend? According to dictionary. om, a trend is the general course or prevailing tendency; drift. If this is a direct quote it needs to be in parenthesis and not italicized! In marketing, it is the direction the market is heading . In economics, it is the behavior of the society. In this synopsis, three trends will be identified, their relevance in the hospitality industry explained, and how Queen’s Hotel has used the trends to strategically plan ahead. The tren ds-Travel, Internet, Casino hotels Travel: According to Plunkett, the travel business is now emerging as a more streamlined, efficient and focused industry. Many of the biggest, most successful firms are becoming extremely global in nature Is this another direct quote? (Plunkett, 2008). Many people are finding ways to travel, either for vacationing, business, or personal reasons. Internet: The information technology highway has found a way to help the consumer plan all their needs with the click of a mouse. The internet provides a simple way for consumers to shop in the privacy of their home. Casino hotels: Many hotels are now casino ready in most parts of the developed world. Casinos have become a trend that people have come to gamble with. Casinos have become part of the entertainment industry and provide a way for clients to book hotel with such amenity. Relevance of the trends in the hospitality industry Because the hospitality industry has become a way of life, many managers face unlimited opportunities to grow their businesses through the rapidly changing demands of their clients. Many hotels are partnering with travel agents to provide package deals for their clients. The travel agents are able to book hotels, tours, and attractions included with the plane ticket. Customers are able to use the internet to find deals. Not everyone prefers travel agents as they also come with a fee, therefore, many people are using the internet to package their travel needs. The internet has become a way to reward people for doing it themselves with online discounts, etc. According to a web article, 15 million people are addicted to gambling, casinos gross more than $30 billion dollars annually, 49% of 15 year olds, 63% of 16 year-olds, and 76% of 18 year-olds gamble (http://www. overcominggambling. com/facts. html Not correct citing) and this statistic is only in the U. S. Many people are attracted to casino hotels as it’s a form of entertainment. Queen’s Hotel Strategic Plan to the trends Queen’s Hotel realizes that travel, the internet and casinos are popular trends in the hospitality industry. The hotel has a website that allows customers to book online. If they do, they are given a 10% discount. The hotel has partnered with many online travel agents to provide package deals to customers. The hotel is looking to undergo a renovation to add a casino. Adding a casino in a third world hotel will give it an edge. Carlos Gift Basket Giving This trend of giving gift baskets has grown extensively in the 21st century. Gift baskets are easily available for purchase online and even more personalized than other items that you can give someone, such as flowers or candy. They allow the buyer to be more creative in their gift choice and they are a little more exciting for clients to receive. â€Å"They are beautiful and brimming with unique gifts and tasty treats. They are a more personalized gift than balloons, and more practical than sending flowers† (James). This trend has given corporate America other alternatives to market to clients, show appreciation or just to increase customer loyalty. It gives them the ability of giving something to their clients, or potential clients, which doesn’t come across as too over the top or too cheap. Relevance The reason why the trend of giving gift baskets has developed so quickly and has gained lots of popularity is that people feel they have more of a personal touch; and with the ease of ordering your gift basket over the internet, the convenience has made it easier for people to choose their options, on their own time frame, without having to go shopping at different stores or even package it nicely for the intended person. Since SendOutCards does all of their business online and offers a wide range of cards for different occasions at prices which are cheaper than those found at your local stores, the option to offer a service to clients other than cards just makes sense. Adaptability SendOutCards has decided to take the time to take advantage of this part of online business as well. Not only is their business based on the same concept of internet ease and options, they are now giving the option to send out a gift along with your card, in the form of candy, books, gift cards, gift baskets and other items. The gift basket, or gift giving industry, is a simple and convenient way to promote more business and to take advantage of a growing need for online purchasing of gifts. As Jennifer James states in her article on Fabjob. com, â€Å"Not only is the work fun and creative, but you can also start a gift basket business easily from home, by setting up a small space where you design and build your gift baskets† (James). Gift Cards The giving of gift cards has become an automatic option for business owners to give to their clients, or even as gifts. It has become so popular that people tend to give them to their family and friends for holidays and birthdays instead of taking the chance of purchasing something that may not be wanted or appreciated. Gift cards have become increasingly popular and can be found in almost any retail business. They are even found in grocery stores. It is almost to the point that people expect to find a gift card at their local retail store. Relevance According to an article in USA today by Rhonda Abrams in 2004; Two recent studies (by the National Retail Federation and by the accounting firm Deloitte and Touche) show the explosive size of the gift card market: †¢ 74. 3% of consumers will buy a gift card this holiday season †¢ 81% of consumers received a gift card last year †¢ 50. 2% of consumers would like to receive a gift card †¢ 12% of shoppers bought gift cards for their own use †¢ 11. 5% of the average consumers holiday budget will be spent on gift cards. (http://www. usatoday. om/money/smallbusiness/columnist/abrams/2004-12-10-cards_x. htm) This is not listed in References and is not correct citing! As we can see, there is a demand for gift cards and corporations are taking advantage of them. Not only do the companies use the gift cards as a selling point for people to buy gifts, they will have the opportunity to get new business from people using the cards and spending more money than what is actua lly on the card because they cannot cash out the card. According to Abrams article, â€Å"Customers buy more. 1% of gift card users spent more than the face value of the card. The average face value of a gift card in 2003 was $47. 20; those who spent more averaged a whopping $90† (Abrams, 2004). Adaptability This is an area that SendOutCards has tried to take advantage of. They do offer gift cards, but only from other businesses. They have not made the move to offer their own gift cards for their own products. It probably is not as feasible for them to do so as it may be more costly for them to pay for the cards and not have people use them since people could only use it for their products. Since most people don’t send themselves a gift or a greeting card, it would be like giving them a gift card so that they can give a gift to someone else, which defeats the purpose of giving a gift. SendOutCards has taken advantage of offering gift cards from other companies because they know there is a demand for them. They have negotiated a deal with these companies and buy them at a discounted price and have created a win-win situation for both them and the retailers who will see the extra revenue. E-Cards E-cards have developed ever since the internet has taken off. You can find about any card and in almost every language on the internet. According to an article by Keith Regan in the E-Commerce times in 2005, â€Å"According to Branch Internet Services, the first e-mail Christmas greeting cards were sent 10 years ago this season, when Dominos Farms Christmas Light Display worked with Branch to offer Web users the chance to e-mail photos of the holiday display. Fewer than 15,000 cards were sent that year, according to Branch† (Regan, 2005). Free E-Cards are offered all over the internet, but the businesses are not making much money. They were relying heavily on advertisement payments through banners and popup on their websites. Sally Babcock, of the e-card giant American Greetings Interactive said, â€Å"Since its inception, AGI, the online unit of the cards giant, has gone from a paid model to a free, ad-supported approach and has returned to a blended, mostly paid model once again† (Regan 2005). Many customers are seeing them as a real alternative to sending out a card in the mail and are even willing to pay the fees for the services. Relevance Ecards are still very popular amongst many internet users. The problem is that they still don’t have the personal touch that a physical card has. According to Babcock, â€Å"Even those who sell them for a living acknowledge that the day may never come when electronic greeting cards replace paper cards. But eCards are already far more than just a time-wasting diversion or a low-cost alternative to the real thing† (Regan, 2005). Some backers like the ecard approach because of the environmental friendly aspect of it. Adaptability The way SendOutCards has adapted to this industry is to offer a service that the online E-cards have not offered to this point. They offer to actually send out a physical card to a client, family, friend or acquaintance directly to the persons’ home. They have even offered the option for their users to send the card in their own handwriting, which personalizes the card that much more. They know that the e-card business is good for their target market, but the market which SendOutCards wants to target is those who want to make a bigger impression. AGI has tried this in the past but has not been successful in its attempts. Babcock admits, â€Å"Also gaining traction are online options to have cards personalized, printed and in some cases even mailed. In those cases, the customer is paying for convenience, said Babcock. â€Å"AGI also offers a print-at-home line of cards, she noted† (Regan, 2005). SendOutCards wants to be able to make a difference in people’s lives. They have the idea that it is more meaningful for people to go to the mail box, open it up and have the physical experience of reading the personalized card. SendOutCards has made it more affordable to be able to send out a card from your computer than it would cost you to go to the store, pick one out, stamp it and physically mail it out. They will do it for you, which takes about 60 seconds to do it all (Eliason, 2008). This is their niche that the industry has not caught up to as of yet. Being able to adapt to the economy and your competition is what will set you apart from others. SendOutCards has the difficult task to stay on top of its competitors by being able to offer a service that other businesses don’t have. They have taken the example of the gift basket industry and implemented what they could to be competitive in the gift giving industry. They know that they can gain clients who want more than just a greeting card. With this knowledge, they have implemented the procedure of offering other options besides just the greeting cards. SendOutCards also applied the example of the demand for the convenience of a gift card. This is an option which they developed in partnership with various retailers. They receive a discounted price for the gift cards in exchange for offering clients the option to purchase them thus allowing both to make money from the proceeds of the card. This also gives clients a larger variety of options. SendOutCards has an advantage over the E-Card industry by offering not only to package and send an actual card, but to do so in the handwriting of the client. They have developed a system which allows people to send the card without leaving their home to shop for the card and the hassle of finding a stamp to send it. They are trying to appeal to the people who still feel it more personal to send a card by traditional mail rather than by e-mail. Johnson and Johnson, Inc. Johnson and Johnson, Inc. s an example of an organization that has had to adapt with strategy to forces or trends that have surrounded the corporation. Johnson and Johnson recently fell into a safety predicament which required immediate action by the company to salvage its image. Johnson and Johnson found themselves losing customers and sales due to the danger of one of their products. Following the death by overdose of several individuals, including youth and child ren, Johnson and Johnson was forced to recall thousands of unsafe bottles of Tylenol (Macdonald, 2007). The primary changes that the company made were in relation to the bottle the Tylenol came in and the removal of a potentially deadly ingredient in the Tylenol. Immediately Johnson and Johnson recalled the entire defective product line and removed all existing product from the shelves. This act alone cost the company millions of dollars and substantial time in revamping the new bottle and new Tylenol formula. Despite this great challenge, Johnson and Johnson was able to seize the opportunity to remarket their product as a newly revamped and safer product. After recalling and removing the defective product, Johnson and Johnson set out a new marketing campaign to reestablish their public image as a safer and more consumer conscience product. The ad campaign worked. Tylenol is now viewed as one of the safest products on the market. 3M could benefit from such a marketing campaign. 3M is a company much like Johnson and Johnson. They both manufacture and distribute millions of different products used all across the globe. Because of the expanse of the market that 3M is targeting, the potential for safety concerns and problems is dramatically increased. M must constantly keep a watchful eye to be apprised of any issues that should arise. An environmental scan will also keep 3M apprised of any safety concerns which arise within the market that could affect their company. Strategic planners with 3M can learn from those at Johnson and Johnson because of the accuracy and timeliness which they responded to the challenge, thus turning it into an o pportunity. In the future, 3M is sure to encounter environmental factors that will place their products in the path of new regulations or circumstances that could threaten the success of the organization. M must act as Johnson and Johnson did by using accurate environmental scanning and acting in a timely manner to save the company. Southwest Airlines Another paramount example of environmental scanning used by strategic planners to help an organization thrive is Southwest Airlines’ use of fuel hedging. â€Å"Using some simple and some complex investment strategies, Southwest has for a decade locked in the prices it pays for large amounts of jet fuel months and even years ahead of time. Its success at that has protected it from run-ups in crude oil prices and dramatically cut its fuel expenses† (Reed, 2008). One area of grave concern in the U. S. economy is the cost of fuel. People all across the country are looking for alternative fuel and cheaper transportation as a means of saving money. The airline industry, on the other hand, has no other resource available. There is no hybrid airplane neither is there one which can run on alternative fuel. Therefore, airlines are forced to look elsewhere to save money. Southwest Airlines has used environmental scanning to conclude that fuel prices are constantly on the rise and can be locked in a contract to be purchased in mass quantities for a cheaper price. By allocating additional funds to pre purchase fuel at a lower cost, Southwest Airlines is placing themselves in a win-win scenario. The oil company would be glad to secure an agreement for guaranteed sales and the Airline Company will jump at the opportunity to save money on fuel that they are certainly going to use. Fuel hedging has proven effective for Southwest Airlines and a similar approach can be an effective money saving technique for 3M as well. 3M constantly manufactures millions of products. The company is constantly receiving supplies of materials from distributors. M must always be on the lookout for trends in the environment that could affect the prices of the products they use in manufacturing. If the company can accurately predict which products will rise in cost due to extenuating circumstances, they can either look for an alternative product or seek some sort of pre purchase order price for said product similar to Southwest Airlines’ use of fuel hedging. Toyo ta Toyota Motor Corporation is a classic example of an organization that is constantly scanning the environment for forces or trends that can affect their business. This strategy has enabled Toyota to become the number one automobile maker in the world (Liker, 2004). When a customer purchases a Toyota they are getting a quality product. Toyota has been successful in environmental scanning in several areas, but in particular they have excelled in a market that is increasingly concerned with fuel economy. Toyota has constantly been at the forefront of knowing what the customer wants and when they want it. Amid the crisis we are facing with the economy, and especially the rising fuel costs, Toyota is able to provide customers with a fuel efficient car. The difference between Toyota’s fuel efficient cars and those of the competition is timeliness. Toyota had anticipated the need for a fuel efficient car long before it became a priority for the competition. Now while the competition scrambles to make a vehicle similar to a fuel efficient Toyota, Toyota is focusing on bettering their product and placing themselves even further ahead of the competition. This is an example of how Toyota has done accurate scanning of the remote environment. The remote environment includes: economic factors, social factors, political factors, technological factors, and ecological factors. Managers must consider the availability of credit, level of disposable income, and the propensity of people to spend when considering economic factors. Other things to consider are the prime interest rates and the gross national product (Robinson, 2004). Toyota has taken into consideration these factors. They have accurately looked at the environment and what the consumer is dealing with and they have catered to the customer accordingly. 3M would do well to follow suit. Much like Toyota, 3M manufactures products for their customers and is not immune to environmental factors. Because of these facts, 3M must adopt an environmental scanning strategy that will enable them to adapt to forces in the environment and come out triumphant. ODWALLA Functional Beverages â€Å"Functional beverages are drinks that have been enhanced with added ingredients to provide specific health benefits beyond general nutrition†¦Consumers are seeking specific health benefits in their foods and beverages and these functional drinks fit neatly into the ‘healthiness-on-the-go’ market† (Sharon Palmer, 2008). Functional beverages are gaining popularity over soft drinks as more and more people are looking for healthier alternatives. These drinks have added ingredients which help to promote a healthy image. Some of these functional beverages have FDA approved claims while others have only minimal amounts of vitamins and minerals and do not provide any real health benefit (Sharon Palmer, 2008). Many companies are beginning to offer a wider variety of functional beverages. Even companies in the children’s beverage market are capitalizing on the turn towards better for you foods and beverages. ‘[A]s more parents seek healthier beverage options for kids, I foresee the continued trend toward more products being all natural, organic, lower in calories, lower in sugar, or having more specific fortifications within their formulations,’ predicts Phan† (Goldschmidt, 2008) senior brand manager at Hansen’s. With this trend gaining popularity among consumers of all ages, it is more than just a passing phase; it is the new way of thinking. Relevance Because functional drinks are quickly becoming an industry staple, Odwalla Inc. is constantly gaining new competitors. With the increase in the number of competitors, Odwalla must always be innovative in its product development. While Odwalla’s products are all natural and retain as much of the natural vitamins and minerals found in the ingredients used, there is a more pressing need for Odwalla to make these benefits known to consumers as the options available are becoming greater. Strategic Adaptability As Odwalla analyzes the growing competition, they will need to remain innovative with their marketing and advertising. They will want to make sure that consumers are aware of the many health benefits already available in their products. They will want to emphasize the fact that their products have always been all natural and fresh with the least amount of processing possible in order to maintain the inherent nutritional value of the ingredients which go into each and every product made. By highlighting these strong points, consumers will be able to see why paying a little more for a much better product really is a better value. Probiotics â€Å"Probiotics are a host of healthful bacteria that help break down and assimilate food† (Kane, 2008) and can be found in a wide variety of foods. Yogurt contains probiotics and many food manufacturers are adding probiotics to their products because of the great health benefit. â€Å"WITH BENEFICIAL LIVE BACTERIA CALLED PROBIOTICS. yogurt bolsters the bodys ability to fend off certain infections and helps keep the intestines healthy, allowing them to absorb more nutrientsand energy-from food† (Boone, 2008). Relevance Odwalla prides itself on providing its customers with fresh, healthy beverages and snack bars and they are always looking for new ways to make their products the best they can be. Probiotics are both healthy and natural and fit right in line with the goals of Odwalla. Since more and more companies are incorporating these bacteria into their products, probiotic additives are going to become better known by consumers and thus sought out because of their natural benefits. Strategic Adaptability Odwalla has the ability to develop a new product which would incorporate probiotics. This would enhance the benefits already afforded by consuming the all natural products of Odwalla. With more people being educated on the benefits of probiotic bacteria, there will be a demand for products which incorporate this. By adding probiotics, Odwalla would help to fulfill its mission of â€Å"soil to soul† (Odwalla President Discusses Strategy with GreenMoney Journal, 2004) because it would allow more of the natural goodness contained within each bottle of juice to reach the soul of the consumer. Specialty drinks in a declining economy The world’s economy has been stagnant and is now in a state of decline. In spite of a tough economy, consumer products manufacturers have continued to experience growth (CPG Industry: Sales Growth in Challenging Economy, 2008). The economy is not showing signs of improvement and things are only going to be getting tougher. With commodities’ prices continuing to rise, consumer products manufactures will need to adopt successful practices in strategic areas in order to continue to grow (CPG Industry: Sales Growth in Challenging Economy, 2004). Relevance The cost of commodities greatly affects the profit margin of Odwalla. They rely on having fresh products available at all times and can be crippled by shortages due to natural disasters as well as price hikes caused by the increasing cost of doing business. These things take a toll on the bottom line and can lead to financial struggle within the company as well as strained relationships with suppliers. Strategic Adaptability There are different options available to Odwalla to help them through the period of economic hardship. As they contract with suppliers, they can negotiate pricing which will benefit both parties. They have the option of purchasing farms which would produce the produce needed for their products, thereby eliminating the need for a middle-man supplier. Also, plans to produce new products can be put on hold until the economy recovers. By holding off the added expense of developing and marketing a new product, Odwalla would be able to focus on their better sellers and allow them to carry the company through the difficult times. Conclusion The world of business can be challenging and exciting. By staying on top of current forces and trends, managers are able to help their businesses thrive in an ever changing market. Change is not limited to one area or aspect of a corporation and by following the examples of other companies, change can provide a new opportunity for growth and development. Retaining the ability to adapt the strategic goals of the corporation can mean the difference in being an industry leader, or a company which has already had its day and is on its way out.

Preparing for and Having a Baby :: Pregnancy Childbearing Essays

Preparing for and Having a Baby There are many different areas to consider when preparing for and having a newborn. Whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned or the couple is married or not, a newborn baby brings new responsibilities. Having a baby also forces people to make adjustments both financially and within the family. Parents also express concerns and expectations when having a newborn comma especially when it is their first; including what roles each parent and family member should play, how much confidence they have in their parenting skills, and how much financial strain would be placed on the family once the newborn has arrived. The newest issue in today’s society is the fact that many women are delaying childbirth and having more children in their later years of life. This paper will examine three of the areas associated with planning a newborn child, including single parenting, concerns and expectations parents have when planning for and having a child, and financial issues that mothers face when planning a pregnancy. (Specify if you are talking about single moms or parents/couples, if talking about all of them you might want to consider narrowing your research.) (Introduce this quote, where did you find it, how did you find the site, remember that this is a narrative, you are walking me through the steps of your research. ) â€Å"Today, about one in every three U.S. births occurs outside of marriage. The proportion of births to unmarried women has risen monotonically over time, and attitudes toward non - marital fertility have become progressively more tolerant† (Musick, 2002, p. 915). Sometimes these births are planned and at other times they are not. â€Å"Dramatic increases in cohabitation and associated delays in marriage have changed the composition and character of non-marital births. Unmarried mothers now tend to be older, to have other children, and to be living with a partner at the time of their child’s birth† (Musick, 2002, p. 915). What significance does this have to your research? What does it prove? Why did you include it? The article that I researched regarding this area explores the reasons why women may be taking the steps to start a family without marriage, whether these pregnancies are planned or unplanned. The study was conducted using a couple of different methods including the National Survey of Family Growth and a Discrete-Time Hazard Model. â€Å"The National Survey of Family Growth is a periodic, nationally representative fertility survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics.

Global Warming Satir

Global warming is a blessing. I had to do a research paper for my oceanography class about global warming. As I was doing my research, I realized global warming is not a problem at all. Everyone talks about global warming as a problem and how is it going to be a struggle for us to solve it. I see the opposite of that. I think global warming is a big beneficial for mankind in many ways. The earth is going to warm up including people, carbon dioxide will increase, ocean levels will rise and the economy will increase too.As the earth is warming and the weather is always warm, people will not need to heat their house and their heating bills with decrease which saves them money. One study said that warmer winters could save up to 40,000 lives a year in the United States alone, which means less people will die of the cause of cold weather diseases. This also means the cost of health care will also decrease. The carbon dioxide will increase which is great, because plant growth will increase .Increasing in plant growth mean decreasing in the price of food. It also means there will be enough food for everyone and we are going to solve one of the biggest problems which is world hunger. Ending of world hunger means less skinny people will be seen in the world. I have always dreamed to live next to the beach, now with the global warming, my dream will come true. The rise of ocean level due to the melting of icebergs will make the beach closer to home, especially because I live far from the beach.This is a great benefit not only for me, but for everyone that lives far from the beach. Every morning, opening the windows, looking at a beautiful view of the beach, this is marvelous. Without icebergs in the way, the Arctic Ocean would be completely open, creating a new trade route from the Atlantic to Asia. Traveling tickets are always expensive in summer, but global warming could make fall and winter warmer, which means people will not need to travel only in summer and traveling tickets are less expensive.People who have houses next to the beach will have an increase of property value. All that will boom the economy, so there will be no more poor countries. Global warming should be seen as an advantage not as a problem. People should stop complaining about how dangerous is. With the decrease of people dying, the increase of plant growth, beaches close to home and the new trade route from the Atlantic to Asia everyone with should think global warming is a blessing.

Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6840 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction An organization can be defined as a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal or objective. In the business environment various types of organization can be observed, i.e. profit making vs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal" essay for you Create order non profit making, product based vs. service based, localized vs. international and etc. The goals and objectives of an organization would vary according to the type of organization. Since the capability of the organization depends on the ability or the performance of the individuals who works in an organization, ability of the employees can be enhanced through various factors and also through better structure and culture of the organization. For the purpose of this report the organizations which were selected are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as one of the fastest growing banks in Sri Lanka today. As a young and dynamic bank, it has immediate appeal for young and sophisticated professionals looking for a bank they can identify with. The bank has 40 branches, 9 leasing centers, 43 ATMs, 6 personal banking centers as well as Internet Banking. Considered to be one of the most customer-centric financial institutions today, Nations Trust Bank provides tailored services for contemporary lifestyles. Standard Chartered PLC is a British financial services company headquartered in London, England with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 80,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire, its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had little British influence. Organizational Structure and Culture The selected organizations, which are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, belong to service sector organizations and provide a range of banking services. However, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank can be categorized as national and multinational respectively; it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion after considering the geographic area in which these organizations operate. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as a localized, national bank as it only operates within Sri Lanka, whereas Standard Chartered Bank has established a global network which spreads over 70 countries from Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Middle East. Hence Standard Chartered Bank can be classified as a multinational organization. Organizational Structure The main purpose of organizational structure can be identified as the division of work among member of the organization, and the co-ordination of their activities so they are directed towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There are mainly three types of organizational structures. 1) Functional Structure: In such a structure groups of people who hold similar skills or perform similar tasks are clustered together and usually departments are formed. 2) Divisional Structure: Divisional structures can be of three types. They are, Division based on Product: Each product division contains the functions necessary to that service the specific goods or services it produces Division based on Market: Group functions into divisions that can be responsive to the needs of particular types of customers Division based on Geography: In such a structure regional divisions are set up to service customers in different geographic areas 3) Matrix Structure: In a matrix s tructure specialists from functional departments would be assigned to work on one or more projects that are lead by a project manager. As Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank are public limited companies and specially the latter being a very large organization, these organizations need to follow a formal organizational structure where they would be able to monitor the activities, assign responsibility for groups and individual members and co-ordinate different parts of the organization. The members or the employees within Nations Trust Bank have been categorized based on the field or the area in which they are specialized, for instance those who are specialized in sales and marketing would be assigned work related to sales and marketing and would be clustered together. According to this, various departments in Nations Trust Bank have been created, where, for each department an individual leader would be assigned to ensure regulated smooth flow of business operations. These individual leaders would then report the overall progress of each department to the top management and board of directors as required and decisions would be made with the involvement of the top management. Hence, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure which is more of a centralized structure. Further it could be said division of work within Nations Trust Bank has taken place by major function or purpose. It could also be said that Nations Trust Bank follows more of a centralized structure than a decentralized structure as the organization sets down policies which would affect the organization as a whole and also mainly since all decisions would be made under strict management supervision and involvement. This centralization could also be due to the cultural effect which is prominent within the country, which is the power culture where control is the key element. Based on the above information it c ould be understood why Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure and also it could be understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure as it has a range of services which can be grouped under one leader. Nations Trust Bank has the following advantages of using a functional organizational structure. Since all the employees who are specialized in a specific area are clustered together, newer employees and other employees would be able to learn easily from each other. Employees would be able to benchmark themselves with other employees who have higher performance and are working in the same specialized area and would develop themselves further in a more competitive manner. In the following structure the decision making process is bureaucratic. Since the culture which is mostly commonly seen within Sri Lanka is power culture, when the bank follows such a structure it will be easier to control the organization in order to achieve its goals and objectives as expected. Since all employees perform similar task within one department work specialization takes place and this would help the organization to increase overall productivity. Nations Trust Bank not only has advantages of following a functional organizational structure but it also has some disadvantages. Since decisions are always made with the involvement of the top management individual employees would not be able to make decisions on their own resulting in inefficiency. The organization follows a bureaucratic decision making process and also problem resolution process; this would mean a low level of employee participation. As a result the chance for a successful leader to be born in such an environment would be low and hence the chance for the organization to gather new leaders from within the organization who understand the nature of the organization would be low. Standard chartered bank is a large multinational organization wh ich operates in more than 70. Unlike in Nations Trust Bank, Standard Chartered Bank does not follow a functional organizational structure and is less centralized (but the bank follows a centralized structure) meaning Standard Chartered Bank gives more authority to its employees than Nations Trust Bank. Instead of following a functional organizational structure, Standard Chartered Bank follows what is called a divisional organizational structure according to geographic area. Where Standard Chartered Bank would have a regional or divisional head for each region within which it operates. Standard Chartered Bank mainly has the following advantage of using a divisional structure according to geographic area. The bank would be able to provide banking services which would be more suitable for each country. For example Standard Chartered Saadiq Banking is a service associated with Islamic banking, in other words the bank follows Shariah principles. The bank has provided various Islami c banking products and services for countries where Islamic population is high (e.g. Malaysia, UAE, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Beyond this there are a few disadvantages of using such a structure. These disadvantages are listed below. Since there would be repetition of similar jobs the operational overhead cost would be high. Since the branches of the bank would be benchmarked against each other conflict situations may arise. After analyzing the above mentioned information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that a divisional structure would be the best organizational structure from the above two organizational structures if Nations Trust Bank has an intention to expand overseas as it will be easier to control the organization and since it would not be very practical to use a functional structure in such a situation. And also becoming less centralized will help the organization to function with more efficiency. Organizational Networks and Linkages Nations Trust Bank has a network which covers only Sri Lanka. Due to this network the bank has been able to expand itself throughout the island in such a manner that customers would be able to carry out banking transactions easily from any part of the island where there is at least an Automatic Teller Machine available. The bank uses the Flexcube Banking System to maintain the network of branches, outlets and ATMs. It has been identified the availability of flexible working programs within Nations Trust Bank is low. Part time employment can be identified as the only significant flexible working program at Nations Trust Bank. Standard Chartered Bank covers a wide range of countries unlike Nations Trust Bank. The bank uses computer software in order to maintain a global scale network. Especially the bank would use Sun Microsystems platform or UNIX platform software in order to maintain the data base. These systems enable the centralization of data for the bank. Standard Chartered Bank has recognized the importance of flexible working programs. The bank has understood flexible working programs play a vital role in retaining employees, increasing engagement and attracting a larger and more diverse pool of talent. Hence the organization is trying to introduce more flexible working programs. At the moment the bank uses the following flexible working programs; part time employment, switching between shifts (the employee would be given the opportunity to choose the shift during which he prefers to work) and also the bank has introduced working from home facility initially in four countries namely Ghana, United States, United Kingdome and Singapore. However, the bank does not follow working from home facility in Sri Lanka. Organizational Culture Each organization will have its own unique organizational culture and most of the time large organizations would tend to have a mix of these cultures. 1) Power Culture: Power culture is common for small and medium size organizations. In such organizations decision making is centralized and also these organizations can react quickly to danger around as there would be no consultation required. Further, in a power culture control would be the key element. 2) Role Culture: Role culture is common for large organizations. The key element would be the area of specialization. 3) Task Culture: Task culture is popular in modern business society and refers to a team based approach to complete a particular task. In such a culture staff would feel motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team. 4) Person Culture: Person culture is common in non profit or charity organizations. The main focus of such organizations is the individual or a particular aim. 5 ) Forward and Backward Looking Cultures: Forward looking organizations are risk takers and perform well due to this risk taking ability. Whereas backward looking organizations are organizations which do not embrace change and are led by systems and procedures. When the organization, i.e. Nations Trust Bank, has been analyzed it was possible to identify the organization has a dynamic and a fast paced working environment where open feedback, performance based rewards and remunerations are encouraged. Further employees are encouraged to develop new skills and are empowered by the provision of career opportunities which have a variety of different features. Based on this information it was possible to identify that the culture within Nations Trust Bank is a forward looking culture which has allowed the organization to perform well, expand and become one of the youngest and successful banks within Sri Lanka. However, the bank has some aspect of power culture as well. This could mainly be seen in the decision making process where employees would tend to rely upon some superior source when making a decision. Power culture within the organization could be due to the strong power culture existing within the country. Standard Chartered Bank being a bank which operates in more than 70 countries with its headquarters located in London, England would mainly follow the organizational culture which is prominent within its headquarters, this would be role culture. However, there would be variations to the culture of branches operating in other regions as it would not be practical to follow an organizational culture which would conflict with a particular regions culture. For example consider the United Kingdom headquarters and the Sri Lankan Head Office. Employees in United Kingdom would usually be clock conscious as they would consider time is money and also it is unprofessional to get late for work, whereas in Sri Lanka the employees would not really see much of a d ifference in getting late for work as the country would naturally have easy going relaxed people who would not hurry things. The headquarters would naturally assume that all employees of the bank would perform their tasks and duties on time as this is their culture. However, this would not be the case in most situations and therefore to ensure that work is done the branches in Sri Lanka would have to lay down strict rules and regulations. Constant reminders too would have to be given in order to get a task done. And hence the culture of the country automatically starts taking effect where power culture would have to be followed in order to achieve the expected. However, on analyzing the overall information of Standard Chartered Bank it can be understood that the bank has a unique culture which it has developed through the years by communicating with broad ranges of stakeholders, prospective employees and customers. Based on the above information finally it was possible to arri ve at the conclusion that organizational culture plays an important role in forming an organizational structure as well as for the success or the failure of a business. Misinterpreting the culture in which an organization operates can lead to conflict and finally maybe even complete shutting down of the organization. Therefore it is a must to interpret and understand the culture within which an organization operates and to select an appropriate organization structure on this basis. The Human Resource Function Stakeholder Perspective: It is clear that stakeholders would have objectives and would expect organizations to achieve these objectives. The organizations should always consider their stakeholders point of view before making any decisions as this will help to minimize conflicts and avoid a purely instrumental or theoretical approach to Human Resource Management. Nations Trust Bank considers the impact of its activities on various stakeholder groups, carries out activities which will develop a good relationship with stakeholders and also abides by the rules, regulations and carries out business in an ethical manner for the above mentioned purposes. The same would apply to Standard Chartered Bank. However, the branches of Standard Chartered Bank would provide more flexibility (especially for employees) and facilities than Nations Trust Bank. Human Resource Roles: The role of Human Resource Management (Personal Management) is taking care and handling the organizations most importan t resource which is the people resource or the employees. Human Resource Management would help the organization to maintain a balance and efficiently coordinate with the employees so they can work more efficiently and effectively. The HR department of Nations Trust Bank carries out an immense number of activities for the above mentioned purposes; these activities range from arranging functions such as Christmas Eve get-togethers to New Year celebrations where management and employees from various departments can interact with each other. Beyond this career guidance programs, training and development programs (the bank has a special training and development team for this purpose), remuneration and reward schemes and exit interview are conducted. Standard Chartered Bank too carries out an immense number of activities like Nations Trust Bank to ensure that they stand by their HR roles. Further, Standard Chartered Bank provides a day care facility; the centre provides day care ser vices and educational activities throughout the working day for children aged between six months and 12 years. The organization also carries out exchange programs (India China exchange program) so that employees would have an exciting opportunity to advance their careers and experience a new culture. For the Bank, it is an opportunity to facilitate the sharing of best practice, ideas and new ways of working between two key markets. Personnel Policies: An organizations personnel policy means a plan, a course of action or guiding principles which that business will use to influence and determine decisions, actions and other matters. Both Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would have various personnel policies. For example Standard Chartered Bank has developed a policy on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). By this policy the bank ensures that its employees who have HIV AIDS can still work as normal employees without an y form of harassment. Where Nations Trust Bank has a policy, going paperless, by which it tries to minimize the usage of paper by transferring all its activities to non-paper based forms such as emailing. By this the organization expects to protect the environment. Beyond the above mentioned policies both of these banks would have numerous policies which have been set in place regarding various matters. Strategies, Operating Plans and Strategic Goals for Personnel: An organizations strategy is about what the organization wants to achieve in the long term. There would be various techniques followed by an organization to achieve these goals and objectives. For example, Standard Chartered Bank wants to achieve growth and it plans to do so by following a simple method where it would ask itself self assessment questions and by following a SMART approach. The bank would apply the same procedure for its employees. Nations Trust Bank follows a similar approach where it has stated its st rategic priorities and how the bank expects to achieve them. Finally it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that carrying out Human Resources Functions would help any organization to be successful. For these purposes various elements such as stakeholder perspective, HR roles, personal policies, strategies and operating plans, and strategic goals for personnel have to be considered. Individual Behavior at Work Each individual would be different from each other in some aspect or the other. These differences could be due to demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. These factors would not only differentiate individuals but would affect their on the job performance as well as their behavior. Nations Trust Bank would have employees from various ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. Therefore the employees at Nations Trust Bank would be able to experience the difference between each culture and would behave according to the stimuli they receive from the working environment. Due to the civil war which was going on for many years, some of the Sinhalese employees working at the bank would have formed a perception about Tamil employees and would have a different attitude towards these employees, where they would tend to act in a negative unfavorable manner, lose interest and in turn would think negatively regarding their job. Beyond this the Sinhalese employees may think that they are better able to perform the tasks rather than Tamils due to cultural factors. Also since some of these Tamil and Sinhalese employees would have been affected by the civil war, the personality of these employees may have been affected and may have induced negative thinking patterns within them. This may lead to conflict within the organization. However, Nations Trust Bank treats all employees equally and has taken many measures to ensure that no conflict takes place. In fact Nations Trust Bank encourages its Sinhalese employees to learn the Tamil and Tamil employees to learn Sinhalese. Further, the bank has encouraged interaction between these groups of people through various social activities so that they would be able to better understand each other and value each others culture. The bank provides counseling sessions, training and development and also carrier guidance for these employees so that they can improve themselves. This would help the employees to un derstand their tasks and duties better, will lead to improved performance, help employees to understand the importance of what each other is doing and appreciate their performance. Since Standard Chartered Bank is an international bank the demographic element in terms of especially in terms of culture would be very prominent. The branches which operate in Sri Lanka would undergo nearly the same issues related with individual behavior at work and follow similar measures to prevent conflict of any form. However, when Standard Chartered Bank is considered from an international point of view it is clear that the bank would like to increase interaction and gain better understanding of different cultures as well as provide its employees awareness regarding different cultures. A clear example for this type of attempt is the employee exchange program which the bank conducts, for the first time this was done between India and China. Further the bank has included female workforce where 46% of the workforce are females and employees with disabilities where the first employees with disabilities were from Sri Lanka. Further the bank believes that different employees from different regions have skills which would be useful for other regions this is another aspect which Standard Chartered Bank has considered in its employee exchange program. These exchange programs will help the employees with different skills to interact and help employees to identify their skills. This will help employees attitude as this will encourage positive thinking. Also this would help employees to gain confidence and in terms improve their personality. This would affect their behavior at work. Beyond this the organization has established a day care facility in Sri Lanka. This will help the working parents to attend their duties without worry and this will help overall attitude of the employees during work making them more productive. Provisions of such facilities help the employees have a better perception of the organization. On analyzing the above information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that behavior of employees at work from both organizations would be affected by factors such as demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. It was also possible to arrive at the conclusion that developing understanding among employees will help the organizations function as one unit and achieve the goals and objectives of that organization. Approaches to Management and Theories of Organization Management approaches and organizational theories deal with how an organization achieves its management objectives through the organizational structure, its design and other elements. The management theories can be classified as five major schools of management thought. They are, Classical School of Management (Includes Scientific Management and Bureaucratic management) here the emphasis was on managing workers and organizations more efficiently Behavioral School of Management (Includes Human Relations) here the emphasis was on understanding human behavior in the organization Quantitative School of Management here the emphasis was on increasing quality of managerial decision-making through the application of mathematical and statistical methods Systems School of Management here the emphasis was on understanding the organization as a system that transforms inputs into outputs while in constant interaction with its environment Contingency School of Management (Incl udes Contingency approaches) here the emphasis was on applying management principles and processes as dictated by the unique characteristics of each situation It was understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional structure and Standard Chartered Bank follows a divisional structure based on geographic area. Standard Chartered Bank follows a mixed structure where centralized and decentralized are both considered when making decisions. And Nations Trust Bank follows a centralized approach. Further it was identified that Nations Trust Bank follows a tall span of control whereas Standard Chartered Bank has a flat span of control. Based on the above information it is important to understand the management theories which the organization follows. Classical School of Management: Even though scientific management was introduced many years before, organizations still use these principles or theories with minor adjustments. When scientific management is considered, Henry Fay ol would be the significant character which would emerge. Todays organizations follow what Henry Fayol introduced with minor adjustments. Bureaucracy means the usage of rules, regulations, policies, procedures and standardization of activities. This concept was introduced by Max Weber. This type of management would be used in the military and not in a bank usually. This could be understood through the way in which both banks operate. Behavioral School of Management: According to research which was carried out it has been possible to identify that human interaction or group relationships have a direct impact on productivity and would help to increase the motivation of employees. Therefore, the behavioral management school principles are more focused to understand individual employees behavior, their interaction and also motivational factors. When Nations Trust Bank has been considered it was possible to understand that the organization carries out many activities which would encou rage employee communication. Further, the employee exchange program which is carried out by Standard Chartered Bank can be considered as another example. Systems School of Management and Contingency School of Management: As it was mentioned before both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, follow a centralized structure. However, in the case of Standard Chartered Bank centralization is less prominent as the bank believes that empowerment of employees would bring out the best from the employees. In a systems approach the organization as a whole would be considered as one system and hence in these type of systems integration, communication and independence plays a vital role. Whereas in contingency approach it is believed that there is no best way to arrange an organization and this has to be decided based on the nature of the organization. Finally, it could be understood that even though organizations still follow scientific management they try to m ove more towards the usage of human relations approach and a contingency approach. Functions of Management There are mainly four functions of management. These functions are, 1) Planning: Determines the broad lines for carrying out operations, preparing methods by which they are carried out and setting standards of performance. When planning is done the management of the organizations would need to gather information from the environment in which they operate. For this purpose the organizations would use the macroeconomic factors and would use the PEST tool. Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would both use the PEST tool so that they would be able to analyze the macroeconomic factors which would affect their organization. PEST factors would nearly be the same for both these organizations when the Standard Chartered Bank which operates in Sri Lanka is considered but the bank would have a greater international influence than Nations Trust Bank. The constant changes in the environment should be regularly noted through the PEST tool and based on that the organizations shou ld be able to respond. Further, planning would have the following aspects; forecasting, utilization and also action decision. 2) Control: Checking actual performance against standards to ensure satisfactory progress and performance, and recording as a guide to possible future operations. Control is a vital element for both, Nations Trust Bank and also Standard Chartered Bank, as it is the only way by which the managers can find out if the organization is achieving the goals and objectives. Controlling can be carried out by standards, measurements and comparisons. For example, when considering the employee turnover for both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank has been able to continuously decrease its employee turnover. However, at Standard Chartered Bank the employee turnover in countries like India and Pakistan has been increasing. To prevent this bank has introduced a pilot. Further, organizational performance could be measured based on productivity measures, through fi nancial rations which could be compared against benchmarked companies, by setting standards and having key performance indicators. 3) Co ordination: Balancing and marinating the team by ensuring a suitable division of work and seeing that tasks are performed in harmony. Both banks have been able to co ordinate their activities through suitable divisions. In the case of Nations Trust Bank the bank has ensured that its range of diverse employees would better understand each other through various activities so that ultimately they would be able to work together as a team to achieve the goals of the organization whereas in Standard Chartered Bank the organization would also have to consider the international market within which they operate so that they would be able to better co ordinate activities. For the purpose of coordinating both organizations have established their individual set of goals and objectives, and in order to achieve these goals and objectives the organizatio n will have to manage not only their human resource but all other resources. 4) Motivation: Getting members of the teams to work effectively, to give loyalty to the group and to the task, to carry out their tasks properly, and to play an effective part in the activities of the organization. It is understood that the main task of a manager is to get things done through employees. But in order to get employees to perform some task they would need motivation. Nations Trust Bank provides motivation for its employees through various methods ranging from provision of a safe and a healthy working environment to empowerment of employees, to provision of rewards and awards. This would help to uplift the employee morale and in turn motivate the employees to work for the organization. At Standard Chartered Bank similar practices are carried out but it could be said that since the branches operating in Sri Lanka provide almost a foreign background or an organizational culture the emplo yees may find themselves less motivated to work in such an environment. However, the bank provides a greater variety of motivational factors than Nations Trust Bank for its employees and this has been helpful for the organization in retaining employees. Managerial Roles Interpersonal Roles (Figurehead, Leader, and Liaison): Interpersonal roles can be defined as relations with other people arising from the managers status and authority. 1) Figurehead Role: A Figurehead role can be defined as the most basic and simple of managerial roles. Here the manager would be considered as a symbol which represents the organization in matters of formality. The manager would be involved in matters of a ceremonial nature such as signing of documents, participation as a social necessity, and being available to those who demand access to top authority. 2) Leader Role: A Leader role is among the most significant of roles and it spreads through all activities of a manager. They would have a responsibility for staffing, and for the motivation of subordinates and guidance of subordinates. 3) Liaison Roles: A Liaison role involves the manager in horizontal relationships with individuals and groups outside their own unit, or outside the organization. An importan t part of the managers job is the linking between the organization and the environment. Informational Roles (Monitor, Disseminator, and Spokesperson): The informational roles relate to the sources and communication of information arising from the managers interpersonal roles. 4) Monitor Role: Identifies the manager in seeking and receiving information. This information enables the manager to develop an understanding of the working of the organization and its environment. Information may be received from internal or external sources, and may be formal or informal. 5) Disseminator Role: Involves the manager in transmitting external information through the liaison role into the organization, and internal information through leader role between the subordinates. The information maybe largely factual and may contain value judgments. The manager is most important person here; he may refuse to provide information. This can bring about difficulties for delegation. 6) Spokesperso n Role: Involves the manager as formal authority in transmitting information to people outside the unit, such as the board of directors or other superiors, and the general public such as suppliers, customers, government departments and the press. Decisional Roles (Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, and Negotiator): The decisional roles involve the making of strategic organizational decisions on the basis of the managers status and authority, and access to information. 7) Entrepreneurial Role: Is the managers function to initiate and plan controlled (i.e. voluntary) change through exploiting opportunities or solving problems, and taking action to improve the existing situation. The manager may play a major part, personally seeking improvements, or may delegate responsibility to subordinates. 8) Disturbance Handler Role: Involves the manager in reacting to involuntary situations and unpredictable events. When an unexpected disturbance occurs the manager mu st take action to correct the situation. 9) Resource Allocator Role: Involves the manager in using formal authority to decide where effort will be expended, and making choices on the allocation of resources such as money, time, materials and staff, The manager decides the programming of work and maintains control by authorizing important decisions before implementation. 10) Negotiator Role: Is participation in negotiation activity with other individuals or organizations, for example new agreements with a trade union. Because of the managers authority, credibility, access to information and responsibility for resource allocation, negotiation is an important part of the job. Interpersonal Roles at Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank: The top middle managers can be considered as the figureheads of Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank. These managers will communicate future organizational goals or ethical guidelines to employees at company meetings. A leade r from these organizations would be any person who would act in an exemplary manner for other employees to follow, who would give commands and direction and who would be able to make decisions with less dependence on other superiors when possible. In the role of liaison the managers in the case of Nations Trust Bank coordinate the work of other employees in different work units and form alliances. In Standard Chartered Bank the role of liaison would be extended to the point of sharing resources such as human capital so that they would be able to become more competent in the industry. Informational Roles at Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank: The top level managers of Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would monitor the external environment changes. The organizations would use the PEST tool for this purpose, where the middle managers and first line managers would monitor changes within the organization which can affect individual and organizational performa nce. The above mentioned would be the role of monitors. The role of disseminator would be to inform the organizations employees of changes which affect them and also the organization. Managers at each level would disseminate information to those below them. And most of this information would be coming from the top of the organizational hierarchy since these organizations would be more towards a centralized structure. The spokesperson would form the communication link with the external environment from advertising about the banks services. The spokesperson for major announcements in both banks would be top managers, especially in the case of Nations Trust Bank. Other routine information would be provided by any manager in the case of Standard Chartered Bank but in the case of Nations Trust Bank still a senior or a top level manager would be used. For example press releases to the local newspapers would be done by senior managers or the C.E.O of Nations Trust Bank. Decisional Roles at Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank: The entrepreneur role requires the managers of each bank to assign their resource to develop services or to expand. In the case of Standard Chartered Bank the managers have made to sure that employees experience differences through various methods, this will help the employees develop new services for the organization. Senior managers of the banks would be those who are in charge of such operations. The disturbance handler corrects unexpected problems which the organizations face from the internal and external environment. This could be done by managers at all levels. Resource allocator involves determining which work units will get which resources. Top managers would make large decisions where as middle managers would be given the authority to make more specific allocations. Negotiators work with others such as labor unions to reach agreements regarding products or services. In Nations Trust Bank the middle managers would negotiat e with employees with issues of salary increase. Top managers would negotiate on issues such as mergers and acquisitions of other companies. This would be very prominent for both these organizations as these two organizations tend to expand more through acquisitions and mergers. Nature of Managerial Authority Nature of managerial authority can be of four types. They are, 1) Authority: Authority is seen as the right of a person to exercise influence or the right to make decisions, to carry out actions, and to direct others. As part of their structure, organizations have a formal authority system that depicts the authority relationships between people and their work. Different types of authority are found, they are: line, staff, and functional authority. Line authority is represented by the chain of command. Staff authority is advisory authority. Functional authority allows managers to direct specific processes, practices, or policies affecting people in other departments. Based on the information gathered such as the structure of the organization and the way the organization functions it was possible to identify that line and functional authority is used by Nations Trust Bank. Standard Chartered Bank follows a combination of both staff and functional authority. Authority can also b e viewed as arising from interpersonal relationships rather than a formal hierarchy. 2) Responsibility: Responsibility is the obligation to accomplish the goals related to the position and the organization. Managers primary responsibilities are to examine tasks, problems, or opportunities in relationship to the companys short-and long-range goals. The managers at Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank have taken vast measures to ensure that the organizational goals and objectives would be met and they would also examine various problems and come up with solutions for these problems through various methods such as interaction with customers and employees. 3) Delegation: In order for managers to achieve goals in an efficient manner, part of their work may be assigned to others. When work is delegated, tasks and authority are transferred from one position to another within an organization. The key to effective delegation of tasks is the transference of decision-making aut hority and responsibility from one level of the organization to the level to which the tasks have been delegated. In Nations Trust Bank the delegation of tasks does not take place on a great scale but in Standard Chartered Bank the management has delegated more power to its employees than at Nations Trust Bank. The variation in delegation of power is due to the cultural differences of the organizations. As Nations Trust Bank follows more of a power culture there will be less delegation of authority whereas in the case of Standard Chartered Bank, the bank follows a role culture hence the bank will delegate more authority to its employees. 4) Power: Power can result from controlling access to important information about daily operations and future plans. Also, having access to and deciding to limit or share the resources and materials that are critical to accomplishing objectives can provide a manager with a source of power. Managers usually have access to such information and reso urces and must use discretion over how much or how little is disseminated to employees. Managers of Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank exercise their power to achieve the organizational goals and objectives through various measures, for example assignment of tasks, allocation of resources as required and introduction of rules. 5) Conflict: Refers to the long-term management of intractable conflicts. It is the label for the variety of ways by which people handle grievances, standing up for what they consider to be right and against what they consider being wrong. As it was mentioned before both Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank follow many methods to prevent conflict and also to resolve conflict if conflict occurs. Both banks have established a range of policies for these purposes and also conduct many programs ranging from counseling to conducting social activities through which people would be able to gain awareness from to CSR activities. Further, vario us educational programs have been carried out by Standard Chartered Bank so that management would be able to have a better understanding and prevent conflict not only within the organization but also with the external environment of the organization.